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This article discusses Queen Elizabeth I of England. For the TV miniseries, see Elizabeth I (TV series).
Queen Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I
Queen of England and Ireland
Reign 17 November 1558 - 24 March 1603
Coronation 15 January 1559
Born 7 September 1533
Palace of Placentia
Died 24 March 1603
Richmond Palace
Buried Westminster Abbey
Predecessor Mary I
Successor James I
Consort None
Royal House Tudor
Father Henry VIII
Mother Anne Boleyn
Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England, Queen of France (in name only), and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes referred to as The Virgin Queen, as she never married, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, and immortalised by Edmund Spenser as the Faerie Queene. Elizabeth I was the fifth and final monarch of the Tudor dynasty (Henry VII, Henry VIII, her half-brother Edward VI, and her half-sister Mary I). She reigned for 45 years, during a period marked by increases in English power and influence worldwide and great religious turmoil within England.

Elizabeth's reign is referred to as the Elizabethan era or the Golden Age of Elizabeth. Playwrights William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson all flourished during this era; Francis Drake became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe; Francis Bacon laid out his philosophical and political views; and English colonisation of North America took place under Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Elizabeth was a short-tempered and sometimes indecisive ruler. A favourite motto for her was video et taceo ("I see and keep silent") [1]. This last quality, viewed with impatience by her counsellors, often saved her from political and marital misalliances. Like her father Henry VIII, she was a writer and poet. She granted Royal Charters to several famous organisations, including Trinity College, Dublin (its official name is the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Elizabeth near Dublin) in 1592 and the British East India Company (1600).

Her reign was marked by prudence in the granting of honours and dignities. In nearly forty-five years, only nine peerage dignities, one earldom and seven baronies in the Peerage of England, and one barony in the Peerage of Ireland, were created. She also reduced the number of Privy Counsellors from thirty-nine to nineteen, and later to fourteen.

Virginia, an English colony in North America and afterwards one of America's original 13 states, was named after Elizabeth I, the "Virgin Queen".


12.2 Elizabeth Tudor in historical fiction
13 External links



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Early reign

This portrait "The Coronation of Elizabeth" was used as the basis for the photography and costume of Cate Blanchett during the coronation scene in the film Elizabeth, 1998. This is a copy of a now lost original, this copy attrib. Nicholas HilliardMonarchical Styles of
Queen Elizabeth I

Reference style: Her Majesty
Spoken style: Your Majesty
Alternative style: Her/Your Grace, Her/Your Highness

In November 1558, upon Mary I's death, Elizabeth ascended the throne. She was far more popular than Mary, and it is said that after the death of her half-sister the people rejoiced in the streets. It is also said that Elizabeth first received the news of her sister's death when she was reading the bible sitting under a tree at Hatfield. A manservant approached to her and breathlessly said, "Your Majesty . . .". Elizabeth quoted Psalm 118 in response: "This is the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes".

During her procession to the Tower of London, she was welcomed wholeheartedly by the common people, who performed plays and read poetry exclaiming her beauty and intelligence. Elizabeth's coronation was on 15 January 1559. There was no Archbishop of Canterbury at the time; Reginald Cardinal Pole, the last Catholic holder of the office, had died shortly after Mary I. Since the senior bishops declined to participate in the coronation because Elizabeth was illegitimate under both canon law and statute and because she was a Protestant, the relatively unknown Owen Oglethorpe, Bishop of Carlisle crowned her. The communion was celebrated not by Oglethorpe, but by the Queen's personal chaplain, to avoid the usage of the Roman rites. Elizabeth I's coronation was the last one during which the Latin service was used; future coronations except for that of George I used the English service. She later persuaded her mother's chaplain, Matthew Parker, to become Archbishop.

One of the most important concerns during Elizabeth's early reign was religion. She relied primarily on Sir William Cecil for advice on the matter. The Act of Uniformity 1559, which she passed shortly after ascending the throne, required the use of the Protestant Book of Common Prayer in church services. Communion with the Catholic Church had been reinstated under Mary I, but was ended by Elizabeth. The Queen assumed the title "Supreme Governor of the Church of England", rather than "Supreme Head", primarily because several bishops and many members of the public felt that a woman could not be the head of the Church.

In addition, the Act of Supremacy 1559 was passed requiring public officials to take an oath acknowledging the Sovereign's control over the Church or face severe punishment. Many bishops were unwilling to conform to the Elizabethan religious policy. Those bishops were removed from the ecclesiastical bench and replaced by appointees who would agree with the Queen's decision. She also appointed an entirely new Privy Council, removing many Catholic counsellors in the process. Under Elizabeth, factionalism in the Council and conflicts at court were greatly diminished. Elizabeth's chief advisors were Sir William Cecil, as her Secretary of State, and Sir Nicholas Bacon, the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.

Elizabeth ratified the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis established on April 3, 1559, bringing peace with France. She adopted a principle of "England for the English". Her other realm, Ireland, never benefited from such a philosophy. The enforcement of English customs in Ireland proved unpopular with its inhabitants, as did the Queen's religious policies.


Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester painted by Steven van der Meulen.Soon after her accession, many questioned whom Elizabeth would marry. Her reason for never marrying is unclear. She may have felt repulsed by the mistreatment of Henry VIII's wives, her mother's death always in her mind, or perhaps psychologically scarred by her rumoured childhood relationship with Lord Thomas Seymour while in his household. Contemporary gossip was that she had suffered from a physical defect that she was afraid to reveal, perhaps scarring from smallpox. There were also rumours that she would only marry one man, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, with whom she was deeply in love and who she appointed her Master of the Queen's Horse. However, her council refused to sanction the marriage because of his status and his family's participation in the Lady Jane Grey matter (and for the early part of her reign Dudley was already married to Amy Robsart who later died in somewhat suspicious circumstances, although Dudley was acquitted of any involvement in this). Some believe Elizabeth decided that if she could not have him, she would not marry at all. The most likely cause, however, was probably her reluctance to share the power of the Crown with another and her fear that a marriage with a foreigner would provoke the same hostility as that of her sister Mary's disastrous marriage to Philip II. She also did not want to risk making England a foreign vassal and possibly involving it in the unprofitable and unpopular wars that Mary's marriage had done, while marriage to a high-born Englishman would involve England in factional dispute at court. Given the unstable political situation, Elizabeth could have feared an armed struggle among aristocratic factions if she married someone not seen as equally favourable to all factions. What is known for certain is that marrying anyone would have cost Elizabeth large amounts of money and independence as all of the estates and incomes Elizabeth inherited from her father, Henry VIII, were only hers until she wed.

[edit]
Conflict with France and Scotland

Fictional portrayal of Elizabeth handing the throne of England to King James VI of ScotlandThe Queen found a dangerous rival in her cousin, the Catholic Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland and wife of the French King Francis II. In 1559, Mary had declared herself Queen of England with French support. In Scotland, Mary Stuart's mother, Mary of Guise attempted to cement French influence by providing for army fortification against English aggression. A group of Scottish lords allied to Elizabeth deposed Mary of Guise and, under pressure from the English, Mary's representatives signed the Treaty of Edinburgh, which led to the withdrawal of French troops. Though Mary vehemently refused to ratify the treaty, it had the desired effect, and French influence was greatly reduced in Scotland.

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Royalty.nu > World Royalty > Asian Royalty > Nepal > Nepal News · Nepal Books · Videos & DVDs Search


The Royal Family of Nepal
Nepal is located in the Himalayas between India and Tibet. At the beginning of the 20th century, the king of Nepal had little real power. Instead the country was controlled by a family called the Ranas. Democracy was instituted in the early 1950s with the approval of King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram, who wished to end the rule of the Ranas. Tribhuvan became a constitutional monarch, but took control of the government. His son and successor, King Mahendra, grabbed more power and ended up an absolute monarch.

In 1990 Mahendra's son King Birendra bowed to pressure from his subjects and proclaimed a new constitution which returned the kingdom to democracy. The king remained the head of state.

In 2001, the royal family was massacred, reportedly by King Birendra's son Crown Prince Dipendra under the influence of drugs. Victims included the king and queen, their two younger children, and three of the king's siblings. The crown prince also apparently shot himself, but lived long enough to be proclaimed king.

After King Dipendra's death, Birendra's brother Gyanendra became king. King Gyanendra suspended Nepal's democratically elected government in October 2002. After massive protests, the king reinstated Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba in June 2004. But in 2005, the king once more dismissed the government and assumed complete control of Nepal. Again faced with massive protests, the king restored executive power to the people in April 2006. The future of Nepal's monarchy is now uncertain.

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Kingdom of France

Royaume de France
Published by the Royal French Tourism Board



Introduction

Welcome to France! Our kingdom dates back historically to the Frankish Kingdoms. The present monarchy was restored in 1815 following the end of the reign of anarchy of the so-called “French Revolution”. Since 1815, we have expanded the power of France in the world, conquering territories such as Holland, North America, Indonesia and South-East Asia. Under the reign of Louis XIX, reforms were introduced that ended the feudal system of government.


The King and his Advisors



Kings of France since 1815

Bourbon-Capet
Louis XVIII (1815-1824)
Charles X (1824-1836)
Louis XIX (1836-1844)
Henri V (1844-1883)
Orleans

Philip VII (1883-1894)
Philip VIII (1894-1926)
Jean III (1926-1940)
Henri VI (1940-1999)
Henri VII (1999-)

The King is the head-of-state of France as well as its overseas Kingdoms. Although he holds a very ceremonial role nowadays, most French people still turn to him for important matters. He has the power to dissolve the parliament and veto bills passed by the parliament. He uses the first power very rarely.

Official Title of the King of France

His Majesty the King of France, Indochina, New France, the Levant, West Africa, Indonesia, Nigeria, South Africa, and the Netherlands by the Grace of God and the Royal Crown of France, Henri VII


Parliament and Politics

First established in 1839 as the Royal Low Chamber, the Parliament got its present-name in 1902. Parliamentary elections are held countrywide every 5 years. The head of the majority party in Parliament is chosen as Prime Minister of France. The current Prime Minister, Nicolas Sarkozy is the head of the Union Royal de la France (URF).
Parliament is divided into the High Chamber, or Chamber of Deputies (elected) and the Low Chamber, or the Senate (chosen by the High Chamber and the King). It meets 6 times a week from January to July, and September to December.
Major Parties (High Chamber)

Union Royal de la France (URF)- 450
Parti Francais-400
Parti du Travail-135
Parti du Roi-14
Union de la Republique -1

Provinces

France is divided into 24 Provinces, each ruled by a popularly elected governor chosen by the people every 7 years. He has control over internal affairs, such as internal trade and security. Inter-Provincial trade falls in the hands of the Parliament. The rule of various rulers such as Dukes, Counts, and Princes in the Provinces were abolished in 1925.

Military and Armed Forces
France maintains the second strongest army in the world after the United Kingdom. The armed force’s manpower employs 968,000 active troops stationed nationwide and in France’s overseas territories.

Transportation

France has a very advanced system of transportation, including a large system of roads and railways. The TGV, France’s high-speed train is known worldwide for its speed, safety, and comfort. A government study shows that 62% of French citizens prefer public transportation, such as trains and subways.

Foreign Relations
France is a founding member of both the League of Nations and the European Treaty Alliance. It has several treaties with Britain, Spain, and Prussia. In the world spectrum, France contributes troops to the International Brigade of the League Peacekeeping operations. Several NGO such as foreign aid organization also help out in other countries in times of crisis.

Overseas Territories

France has 7 overseas kingdoms, namely Indonesia, West Africa, Indochina, New France, Nigeria, Levant, and Southern Africa. The King of France, who delegates most of his power to a local Prime Minister, rules the country. Each Kingdom elects a Senate and Parliament and five representatives to the French Parliament. The Netherlands is ruled by the King as a Province under the direct authority of the Paris government.
Indonesia
A large archipelago, Indonesia has received several privileges over time, including its own constitution and the right to teach school in Bahasa, the local language. Capital: Jakarta
West Africa
The first conquered colony, West Africa enjoys a status as a Kingdom with an elected Council of Elders, or village chiefs, and a constitution. Its capital Algiers is a booming economical capital. Capital: Algiers
Indochina
Indochina, a poor Kingdom benefits greatly from relief funds from Paris and worldwide tourism. Capital: Saigon
New France
The only Kingdom in North America, New France enjoys a booming economy based on agriculture and industry. New France also controls important lands in southern Canada and Quebec. Divided in two Provinces, Louisiana and Canada, the Kingdom has two capitals. Capitals: New Orleans and Quebec City
Nigeria
An important center for mineral exploitation, Nigeria is perhaps the richest of all Kingdoms. The Kingdom, however, is troubled by religious differences between Muslim and Christians. Capital: New Paris (Lagos)
Levant
Composed of the states of the former Arab Kingdom and Iran, the Kingdom of the Levant makes its money on oil exports. The Kingdom is scheduled to hold a referendum on the return of the Hashemite dynasty on the throne. Capital: Jerusalem
Southern Africa
Southern Africa, colonized heavily by whites in the 1800’s also enjoys a strong economy based on diamond mining. Capital: Cape Town

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All my life I have admired the beauty and glamour of Grace Kelly. She was the girl from Philadelphia who grew up to become one of the most beautiful women in the world, and she lived the fairy tale we all dreamt of once or twice in our lives.

She starred in several movies and became the Queen of Hollywood before she became a real Princess in a foreign country. The love she felt for her husband, Rainier, and her children, Albert, Caroline and Stephanie, and the work she made for Monaco has made me one of her biggest fans. In my eyes Grace became more and more beautiful the older she became, and therefore I will not only give you some pictures of Grace taken during her life in Hollywood, but also some pictures of Grace that show a woman with a lot of real life experience and urbanity.

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Before the revolution broke out the king was ruling as an absolute monarch over the people of France. His powers were unlimited and he believed he ruled by 'divine right.' The king was in charge of foreign affairs, enforcing and making laws, taxes, spending money, and all other governmental powers.
The king at the time was able to select his ministers on his sole opinion. Most of the time this was done by favoritism and not based on ability. The king was also able to take away freedom of speech for the people, by censoring certain things. He was also able to put his enemies in prision unfairly, though they might be innocent.
But most of all, the king denied the common people the right to voice their opinion in their government. The government was totally run by the king and the people had little or no say in how things were. This was really upsetting the French, as they saw their country on the decline.
It did not help the fact that King Louis XVI and his queen Maire Antoinette were not considered strong advocators. Both were weak rulers and were very indecisive. They were not exactly the type of people France needed to have running their country during this crucial time

Although this type of system had been in place for years, the people of France were now begining to think about their lives and their natural rights thanks to the Enlightenment. Many philosphers were now coming out and sharing their viewpoints on government and people's natural rights.
People such as Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot were able to greatly influence the minds of people during this time. Each one of these philosphers insisted on a shared governmental power, with more than one branch. With their wriitings being published, the French began to become influenced and believe in these ideas. This created an strong urge for natural rights in the people and the urge for towards democratic system.
Through time, the above occurances were added to a pile, and later one would come a long and be the last straw that would set the French over the edge and ready to fight.

The French were also greatly influenced by the English and American Revolutions. Since the countries of England and France were closely related, the French took notice to the changes that were occuring during the Glorious Revolution and with what the Puritans were trying to obtain. During the English Revolution many english were migrating to France in order to escape the chaos. Also, the many philosphers that had influenced the French to strive for natural rights were also encouraging the new English parliamentary system.
The French were also beginning to realize their that many French were strong advocators of the American causes. Soldiers, like Lafayette, were able to help the Americans in significant ways during their revolution. They were spreading their ideas througout the country. Also, the ever popular Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were als able to influence the French thought.

Voltaire
King Louis XVI
Home | Causes | Events | People | Overview | Links

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The only person worth ever talking to ever would be the royal family of Russia and no one else.The royals should be running the Russian army and not just some stupid Meanys.I would have could have loved the russian royals but now you are mean.They would be loving perfect nice kind carring helpful.

That is why we miss the royals and how the people were when the royals were in power now we cant stand the people and what they say and everything about them is bad.Because they dont have their royal family telling them what to do they are ANARCHISTS of hatered meaness and cruelity. When it used to be peace love and kindness.

Its like the royals Tsar family of goodness and kindness to PUTIN a evil bad guy.The people act like their Ruler!

Why because of this? WHY??Ross Putin and not Nicholis why?

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Holly wood would be the place people would want to love and protect the most becaues the Queen of Monaco was from there and could have star family that are princesses or princes of Monaco a good kingdom.

They could be the next in line for the throne! Hollywood is also full of rock stars everyone lives.It has starts that entertain us all in the movies that we love and respect and keep us entertained the most.

The most beautiful peopleand talentd people from all over the world move to holly wood to become famous and entertain people.The most talented and beautiful people live there they are the stars!

They are considered americas kings and Queens the royals Rain family are realy from Hooly wood they are kings and Queens from America and live in hollywood NO one would ever imagne ever taking away everyones Rock concerts and most beautiful people in the world ever people just are never like that No one does not LOVE HOLLYWOOD everyone Loves Hollywood..

That is where real roays like Queen Rain and Prince Albert are from and they are rulers of a forien country government!

That should be the most safe and protected place in the U.S.

Grace Kelly is very Beautiful.Sweet she is such a princess....a star princess we all love and admire with all our hearts.