Russian kingdom gifts to Tsar fromQueen

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Silk worm to silk thread

The silk worm is picked when it is about two centimeters long, firm and a rich yellow color. In Phnom Srok, the cooperative which grows the cocoons sells them to the spinners and weavers. These women boil the cocoons and after a few minutes pick up the thread and start to spin it off the cocoons onto a spindle.

The silk is in a large tray divided into little pockets. The original way of cultivating the cocoons was by hanging the worms onto the dried branches of mulberry trees. The women boil the cocoons. After boiling and removing the thread, the cooked worms are usually eaten. An important protein supplement. The thread is spun onto spindles. Before weaving the thread needs to be spun many times. The number of times determines how fine the thread is and in turn this affects how soft the cloth is. The thread is like blond hair. When it is left in the sun light it bleaches. This thread is the very coarse texture that produces a very beautiful textured raw silk.


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Last updated on March 4, 1996.
© 1996 Katharine Wardle

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Silkworm Information
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Phylum, Arthropoda; Class, Insecta; Order, Lepidoptera

Identifying Features
Appearance (Morphology)


Larvae are worm-like with a short anal horn.
Three distinct body parts: head, thorax, abdomen
Adult has four wings covered with scales
Adult Males and Females
Adult moths have creamy white wings with brownish patterns across the front wings. The body is very hairy and the wingspan is about 50 mm. Adult females are larger and less active than males. Male moths actively crawl around looking for females. They will copulate for several hours.

Immatures (different stages)
Lepidoptera are holometabolous, therefore they have three distinct morphological stages; larva, pupa and adult. After hatching from the egg, larvae go through four molts as they grow. During each molt, the old skin is cast off and a new, larger one is produced. The silk worm larval life is divided into five instars, separated by four molts. Three pair of short, jointed legs with a single claw at the tip are located on the three body segments immediately behind the head. Five pair of fleshy protuberances (prolegs) ending in a series of hooks called crockets are located posteriorly and ventrally on the abdomen and aid the larva's clinging a climbing abilities on plants.


Natural History

Food
Silkworms natural food plant is the mulberry tree (Morus sp.). An artificial diet has been developed to facilitate cultivation of silkworms. If you do not have a mulberry tree available, you must purchase the artificial diet.

Habitat
Today, the silkworm moth lives only in captivity. Silkworms have been domesticated so that they can no longer survive independently in nature, particularly since they have lost the ability to fly. All wild populations are extinct, although presumably old relatives exist in Asia.

Interesting Behaviors
Silkworms have been used by researchers to study pheromones or sexual attractant substances. The pheromones are released by female moths and the males detect the chemicals with olfactory hairs on their antennae. This allows the male to find the female for mating. The male antennae are made of many small hairs to increase the chances of picking up small amounts of the pheromones over long distances.

Collecting Live Insects

Where to find
Silkworm eggs and artificial diet can be purchased from Carolina Biological Supply Company and Ward's Biology. Check with other teachers and your district to see if there is a resource person in your community with eggs.

Silk Industry

History
The coveted secret of silkworm cultivation began 5000 years ago in China. Sericulture (the production of raw silk by raising silkworms) spread to Korea and later to Japan and southern Asia. During the eleventh century European traders stole several eggs and seeds of the mulberry tree and began rearing silkworms in Europe. Sericulture was introduced into the Southern United States in colonial times, but the climate was not compatible with cultivation.

Today
Today, silk is cultivated in Japan, China, Spain, France, and Italy, although artificial fibers have replaced the use of silk in much of the textile industry. The silk industry has a commercial value of $200-$500 million annually. One cocoon is made of a single thread about 914 meters long. About 3000 cocoons are needed to make a pound of silk.

To gather silk from cocoons, boil intact cocoons for five minutes in water turning them gently. Remove from the water and using a dissecting needle or similar tool, begin to pick up strands. When you find a single strand that comes off easily, wind the silk onto a pencil. Several of these strands are combined to make a thread.

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Lesson Plans Information Sheets Rearing Sheets Bibliography


Center for Insect Science Education Outreach The University of Arizona
Contact:CISEO
http://insected.arizona.edu
All contents copyright © 1997.
All rights reserved.

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c
Cotton Greenhouse



Can you see the cotton bolls on the mature plants in this sixth floor greenhouse? These plants have passed all growth chamber tests and are now being tested for appearance and agronomic traits. If they pass these tests as well, the seeds from these plants will go on to more testing out in the field.

Can you locate the mature cotton bolls?
The seed within these bolls contain the desirable gene.






Did You Know?




Biotech cotton allows growers to significantly reduce their use of pesticides for insect control.






Cotton Greenhouse: Plants which pass all tests in the plant growth chambers are brought up to one of the twenty-six greenhouses (two acres total area) atop the Plant Agricultural Research Building. Testing for protein expression, nutritional and biochemical characteristics continues. Plant breeders begin to test for physical appearance and agronomic traits. Seeds from plants which pass all greenhouse tests are taken to the field for field testing. Note developing cotton bolls and mature cotton plants in this sixth floor cotton greenhouse.




Chesterfield Tour: The following Monsanto virtual tours are in iPIX® Movie - V360 format. iPIX is a complete view into any set or scene, most accurately described as a 360° x 360° view where you can navigate in any direction.




Plant Tissue Culture Lab: In the plant tissue culture laboratory a single transformed cell containing gene of interest is "nursed" back to the whole plant level through a series of tissue culture stages. Plant tissue culture is conducted under sterile conditions (see sterile hood). Each time a plant cell replicates itself it replicates its chromosome material including the gene of interest. By carefully monitoring the levels of plant hormones present, it is possible to "nurse" a single transformed cell back to the whole plant level (see magnified cotton plant) at which point each plant cell will contain the gene of interest.




Wheat Growth Chamber: Within a plant growth room it is possible to simulate any growing environment (cool season shown here). Plants from the tissue culture laboratory are brought into plant growth rooms and allowed to get "big." Testing begins on determination of quantitative/qualitative expression of key protein(s) of interest plus 400 key biochemical and nutritional crop plant characteristics. Plants which do not pass these initial screening tests are removed from the development process. Plant growth rooms allow the growing of cool season plants such as wheat on a year round basis.




Corn Greenhouse: Plants which pass all tests in the plant growth chambers are brought up to one of the twenty-six greenhouses (two acres total area) atop the Plant Agricultural Research Building. Testing for protein expression, nutritional and biochemical characteristics continues. Plant breeders begin to test for physical appearance and agronomic traits. Genes from corn tissue culture grown plants are being backcrossed into standard corn varieties in this sixth floor greenhouse.




Soybean Greenhouse: Plants which pass all tests in the plant growth chambers are brought up to one of the twenty-six greenhouses (two acres total area) atop the Plant Agricultural Research Building. Testing for protein expression, nutritional and biochemical characteristics continues. Plant breeders begin to test for physical appearance and agronomic traits. Seeds from plants which pass all greenhouse tests are taken to the field for field testing. Beginning with 10,000 transformed plant cells containing the gene of interest, after testing, one, perhaps two cell lines, make it to the field for field testing.




Gene Gun Lab: Genes physically inserted into plant cells by one of two methods: 1) Gene-gun, 2) Agrobacterium. The gene-gun method (shown here) uses very small gold or tungsten "pellets" onto which are "loaded" genes. Pellets are placed into a "shot-gun like" cartridge. Upon firing, the gene coated pellets are projected through plant cells. Genes are physically wiped off the pellets and incorporated into the plant chromosome material. Result: transformed plant cells containing gene of interest.




Soybean Growth Chamber: Within a plant growth room it is possible to simulate any growing environment (warm season shown here). Plants from the tissue culture laboratory are brought into plant growth rooms and allowed to get "big". Testing begins on determination of quantitative/qualitative expression of key protein(s) of interest plus 400 key biochemical and nutritional crop plant characteristics. Plants which do not pass these initial screening tests are removed from the development process. Note presence of the "viewing window" in this chamber for unlimited visitor "access".

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Greenhouse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the nuclear test conducted in 1951 see Operation Greenhouse. For the automotive term, see Greenhouse (automotive term).

A greenhouse in Saint Paul, Minnesota.A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse or hothouse) is a building where plants are cultivated.

Contents [hide]
1 Explanation
2 Uses
3 See also
4 External links



[edit]
Explanation
Main article: solar greenhouse (technical)
A greenhouse is built of glass or plastic; it heats up because the sun's incoming ultraviolet radiation warms plants, soil, and other things inside the building. Air warmed by the heat from hot interior surfaces is retained in the building by the roof and wall. The glass used for a greenhouse works as a selective transmission medium for different spectral frequencies, and its effect is to trap energy within the greenhouse, which heats both the plants and the ground inside it. This warms the air near the ground, and this air is prevented from rising and flowing away, in addition to the fact that infrared radiation cannot pass through the greenhouse glass. This can be demonstrated by opening a small window near the roof of a greenhouse: the temperature drops considerably. This principle is the basis of the autovent automatic cooling system. Greenhouses thus work by trapping electromagnetic radiation and preventing convection.

[edit]
Uses
Greenhouses are often used for growing flowers, vegetables, fruits, and tobacco plants. Bumblebees are the pollinators of choice for most greenhouse pollination, although other types of bees have been used, as well as artificial pollination.


Mowing young tobacco in greenhouse of half million plants (Hemingway, South Carolina)Besides tobacco, many vegetables and flowers are grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, then transplanted outside as the weather warms. Started plants are usually available for gardeners in farmers' markets at transplanting time.

The closed environment of a greenhouse has its own unique requirements, compared with outdoor production. Pests and diseases, and extremes of heat and humidity, have to be controlled, and irrigation is necessary to provide water. Significant inputs of heat and light may be required, particularly with winter production of warm-weather vegetables. Special greenhouse varieties of certain crops, like tomatoes, are generally used for commercial production.

Greenhouses are increasingly important in the food supply of high latitude countries. The largest greenhouse complex in the world is at Leamington, Ontario (close to Canada's most southern spot) where about 200 acres (0.8 km²) of tomatoes are entirely grown under glass.

Greenhouses protect crops from too much heat or cold, shield plants from dust storms and blizzards, and help to keep out pests. Light and temperature control allows greenhouses to turn unarable land into arable land. Greenhouses can feed starving nations where crops can't survive in the harsh deserts and arctic wastes. Hydroponics can be used in greenhouses as well to make the most use of the interior space.

Biologist John Todd invented a greenhouse that turns sewage into water, through the natural processes of bacteria, plants, and animals.

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[princessflower]

The only thing I ever wanted is the love for children any money that I make I want to give it to the orphan children to save the children foundation and save children.Hake sure the children are always warm in clothing and fed with healthy food.

I want a foundation that keeps the children safe and happy and secure in knowing that everything is going to be fine and all the problems will clear UP in the near future.That is all I want is to save children.

Like the save the children in Africa foundation orgizanation I satrted and used USAID to save and feed all the starving children in Africa to make them safe healthy and haapy.A foundation that gave children free health care and food and education to make sure every child that was starving in Africa was fed untill they are in perfect health.That is all I ever wanted to do was save children and amek children the healthiest people on earth and make sure they were well taken care of as long as our children are healthy then the future of the world is secure and safe.

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Please do not wear fur or eat mean if I could I would ban wearing fur all together.I would make sure everyone had cotton or silk clothing never fur clothing.

I would also grow plants not animals PLANTS it is a green house to grow vegtables and green food to make people eat geen beans or any vegatarian food.

There is never any reason to kill animals or kill ever.There shall be peace for the environment and the E.P.A. and P.E.T.A. should be involved in saving the lives of animals.